In an article published in Law & Society Review in 2025, Asad L. Asad and former Stanford PhD student Livia-Baer Bositis show that heavy immigration enforcement makes Latino U.S. citizens and noncitizens less likely to participate in everyday institutions that keep formal records, such as hospitals, banks, and schools. But for those who do participate, the amount of time they spend involved does not change. The study suggests that reducing the reach of immigration enforcement opens the door for Latinos and their families to engage fully with institutions that promote their well-being and strengthen communities.